Days of ...
英会話 仕事 育児
単語
budget airline = low cost carrier = 格安航空会社
full-service airline = 大手航空会社
topple 倒す 打倒する 転覆させる
1〜4パラ
cut into the market shares 市場シェアに切り込む、割り込む
commercial aviation 商業航空
☆ impact on something とeffect on something の違いってある？（２パラ）
will likely „,おそらく„,するであろう
surpass 、、を上回る、超える、勝る
will likely far surpass anything seen in other markets. おそらく他の市場で見られたものを遥かに上回るであろう。
☆budget operatorとは？（３パラ）
surge from A to B AからBへ急上昇する
over the past decade 過去１０年の間で
on order 注文中の
offshoot 子会社 = affiliate company
chief correspondent 主任担当記者
freshen up 新鮮にする リフレッシュする
5-パラ
partnership between A and B AとBの合同会社
inaugurate、、 、、を開始する、始動させる inaugurate a new service 新しいサービスを開始する
☆quirkily 副詞 quirk どういう意味？
debut tは読まない 初めてお目見えする
lag 自動詞 遅れる ☆ lagとdelayはどうちがうの？
要約
1-4パラ
In Asia, budget airlines have got their popularity recently, and its market share surged from 0 to 25 % over the last decade. Even full-service airlines have begun to run their own affiliate companies of budget airlines.
5-パラ
A recent launch of a Japanese low-cost carrier reflects a shift in the airline industry in Northeast Asia.
Traveling on budget airlines is a way of life in Europe and North America.
But in Asia, where low-cost carriers have only recently begun cutting into the market shares of established airlines, their impact on commercial aviation will likely far surpass anything seen in other markets.
Budget operators’ share of the Asian aviation market surged from zero to 25 percent over the past decade, according to the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation, which estimates that there will be 50 budget airlines in the region by the end of 2012, with approximately 1,000 aircraft on order.
“Ten years ago, network airlines almost universally declared that low-cost carrier operations simply wouldn’t work in the Asia Pacific region, but today nearly all full-service airlines in the region have their own low-cost offshoots,” says Tom Ballantyne, Hong Kong-based chief correspondent for commercial aviation magazine Orient Aviation.
The latest quirkily named and brightly colored, low-cost carrier to debut in the region is Japan’s Peach Aviation — a partnership between All Nippon Airways (ANA) and an investment group in Hong Kong — which inaugurated service in March with a flight from Osaka to Nagasaki.
The launch of Peach reflects a shift in the aviation industry in Northeast Asia, where the emergence of low-cost carriers has lagged behind growth in Southeast Asia.
“In the Asia Pacific region, budget carriers account for approximately 20 percent of the market, as they have not yet reached the level of Europe and the United States, where budget carriers account for 35 percent of the total market,” says Siva Govindasamy, Asia managing editor of Flightglobal Group, an aviation media company.
“The rapid growth is particularly notable in Southeast Asia, with Tiger Airways, Jetstar and Lion Air taking on incumbent legacy carriers in the short-haul routes, and less so in Northeast Asia.”
Peach is Japan’s first low-cost airline.
China, Asia’s fast growing aviation market, has no substantial budget carriers.
“When the Chinese low-cost carriers begin to emerge in larger numbers, the growth will be phenomenal,” predicts Ballantyne.
According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), by 2015, 37 percent of all global air passengers will travel on routes to, from or within Asia Pacific, compared with 29 percent for Europe and North America. The IATA predicts that by 2015 approximately 877 million more people — including 212 million from China alone — will travel by air than in 2010.
“This means Asia Pacific will be driving global growth,” says Ballantyne.
Full-service carriers in Europe and North America have been forced to adapt to the presence of budget airlines by making efforts to reclaim significant losses in market share, such as cutting prices and in-flight services.
In Asia, budget carriers are presenting similar challenges to legacy airlines.
“Budget carriers will only say they are creating new markets for people who haven’t had the opportunity to travel before, whether it was due to the cost of plane fare or the lack of certain direct links to and from areas that were not serviced by full-service carriers,” says Govindasamy.
Many full-service carriers have decided that the best way to keep from losing market share is to enter the low-cost market with subsidiary airlines.
“You’ll see full-service carriers withdrawing on some of their routes and giving them to their low-cost subsidiaries,” says Govindasamy.
Experts say the rapid rise of budget carriers doesn’t necessarily mean major Asian airlines are in trouble.
“What the boom in budget travel has done is change the mindset of network carriers,” says Ballantyne.
“Even though they are full service airlines, they have all picked up practices from the budget operators. This is particularly evident in terms of ancillary revenue, where even full-service airlines have found ways to make more money by charging for extras, such as allowing passengers to pay more for a particular seat on the plane.”
From the consumer’s point of view, the benefits of the changes in the industry are obvious. In addition to having the option of luxury and full-service travel, they have an increasingly large array of cheap fares and access to formerly underserved destinations in the region.
“That [budget] opportunity is what millions of Asians emerging in the middle class want,” says Ballantyne.
語句
1-3パラ
pay attention to „ „に注意を払う（自分が）
call attention to „ „に注意を促す（相手に）„に注意をするよう呼びかける
preschool 幼稚園、保育園 = nursery school 区別無し
assistant professor 准教授
manageable 管理できる、扱いやすい
4-7パラ
in a systematic way 系統的に
8-10パラ
locus 場所、地点
locus of learning
11-最後パラ
print 活字体
intervention 介入 介在
要約
1-3パラ
A latest study suggests that getting preschool children to pay more attention to the words and letters on pages of storybook than pictures helps them to be better readers. It also showed that the group of children whose teachers discussed print got higher skills in spelling, reading, and understanding. The author of the study says this way of teaching would be feasible for most of teachers and all they have to do is to increase attention to printed text.
4-7パラ
But she also says that very few parents and teachers teach children in this way.
In a report in the journal Child Development, a thirty-week observation of more than 300 children age 4 and 5 who came from poor families and had below-average langage skills. They took were tested for short-term and long term results of reading regularly.
8-10パラ
The researchers of this study are interested in “locus of learning”. It drives children to learn something effectively, and they are searching for it.
11-最後パラ
Adults need to think more about how to tell children about print and how to get them learn print more easily. for example,
Teachers and parents usually call attention to the pictures when they read storybooks to preschool children. But a new study suggests that calling attention to the words and letters on the page may lead to better readers.
The two-year study compared children who were read to this way in class with children who were not. Those whose teachers most often discussed the print showed clearly higher skills in reading, spelling and understanding. These results were found one year and even two years later.
Shayne Piasta, an assistant professor of teaching and learning at Ohio State University, was an author of the study. She says most preschool teachers would find this method manageable and would need only a small change in the way they teach. They already read storybooks in class. The only difference would be increased attention to the printed text.
Ms. Piasta says if you get children to pay attention to letters and words, it makes sense that they will do better at word recognition and spelling. But she says research suggests that very few parents and teachers do this in a systematic way.
The report appears in the journal Child Development.
More than three hundred children age four and five were observed in classrooms in Ohio and Virginia. The children came from poor families and were below average in their language skills. This put them at risk for reading problems later.
For thirty weeks, the children took part in a program called Project STAR, for Sit Together And Read. The project is based at Ohio State. It tests the short-term and long-term results of reading regularly to preschool children in their classrooms.
Laura Justice at Ohio State was an investigator for the study. She heads the Preschool Language and Literacy Laboratory. She says one of the areas that interests researchers is known as the “locus of learning.”
LAURA JUSTICE: “Where is it that a child learns something? Where is that space? We think we have identified it pretty well in terms of fostering some children’s knowledge about print.”
Professor Justice says this knowledge can be gained by having focused discussions when reading a book to a child.
LAURA JUSTICE: “We think we understand how information about print is transmitted from the adult to the child. And we think we have centered on this intervention that really helps adults center in on the things that children need and want to learn.”
There are different ways that adults can talk to children about print. They can point to a letter and discuss it, and even trace the shape with a finger. They can point out a word: “This is ‘dog.’” They can discuss the meaning of the print or how the words tell the story. And they can talk about the organization of the print — for instance, showing how words are written left to right in English.
Recently we told you about a finding that more years of school could help students get higher scores on intelligence tests. That was the finding of a study of teenage males in Norway. Now, other research shows that physical activity may help students do better in their classes.
The research comes as educators in some countries are reducing time for activities like physical education. They are using the time instead for academic subjects like math and reading.
Researchers at VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam reviewed the results of fourteen studies. Twelve were from the United States, one from Canada and one from South Africa.
The studies appeared between nineteen ninety-seven and two thousand nine. They included more than fifty-five thousand children, ages six to eighteen.
Researcher Amika Singh says the studies showed a link between physical activity and scores on subjects such as math, English and reading.
AMIKA SINGH: “Based on the results of our study we can conclude that being physically active is beneficial for academic performance.”
Ms. Singh offers some possible explanations.
AMIKA SINGH: “There are, first, physiological explanations, like more blood flow, and so more oxygen to the brain. Being physically active means there are more hormones produced like endorphins. And endorphins make your stress level lower and your mood improved, which means you also perform better.”
Also, students involved in organized sports learn rules and how to follow them. This could improve their classroom behavior and help them keep their mind on their work.
The study leaves some questions unanswered, however. Ms. Singh says it is not possible to say whether the amount or kind of activity affected the level of academic improvement. This is because of differences among the studies.
Also, they were mostly observational studies. An observational study is where researchers do not do controlled comparisons. They only describe what they observe. So they might observe a link that students who are more active often have better grades. But that does not necessarily mean being active was the cause of those higher grades.
The researchers said they found only two high-quality studies. They called for more high-quality studies to confirm their findings. They also pointed out that “outcomes for other parts of the world may be quite different.”
Still, the general finding was that physically active kids are more likely to do better in school. Ms. Singh says schools should consider that finding before they cut physical education programs. Her Amike Singh’s paper on “Physical Activity and Performance at School” is published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine.
2012.5.29 Maki先生
語句
respondent 回答者 subject 対象者、被験者
sharpen the mind 頭を冴えさせる
the more exercise we perform, the more active our body will become.この構文は便利なので覚える！！
1-3パラ
☆the research comes とは、その結果を述べるときに使う
physical education = PE 体育
academic subject 学問教科
educator 教育者 教師 「エジュ」とよむと教わった reduce も「リジュース」
instead その代わりに
4-6パラ
scores ON subjects ofやin、atではなくてONを使う
physically active 身体的に活動的な
academic performance 学業成績 Cf. economic performance 経済的成果
7-9パラ
possible explanation 考えられる理由
physiological explanation 生理学的説明
endorphin エンドルフィン
mood １気分 機嫌 ２雰囲気 ３不機嫌 憂鬱
be(またはget) involved in 1、、に従事する 関わる 2、、に巻き込まれる
organized sport 団体スポーツ
keep one’s mind on one’s work 仕事に集中する
☆例えば、our brainというとき、複数形のsをつけてour brains でもour brainでもよい。
まとめ
1-3パラ
Some educators are reducing time for physical education and using it instead for academic subjects like math and reading. However, A research shows that physical activity may helps students do better in schools. This report consists of reviews of 14 studies
4-6パラ
One of the researchers says that there is an association between physical activity and scores on subjects such as math, English and reading. She also says that being physically active has a beneficial effect on academic performance.
7-9パラ
Two possible physiological explanations appeared in these 3 paragraphs. First, the more physically active we are, the more blood circulate and bring more oxygen to our brain. Second, being physically active helps human bodies to produce endorphin. Endorphins relieve our stress. These two mechanisms help us to do better in academic classes.
And when students participate in organized sports, they can learn how to follow rules. It helps students to do better and concentrate on classes.
10-最後パラ
However, it is still unclear the amount or kind of activity which can affect the academic improvement best. moreover, most of these studies are observational studies, so being active might not be the cause of higher grades.
http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/31/world/asia/earth-hour-preview/index.html?npt=NP1
On Saturday, European Space Agency astronaut and World Wildlife Fund ambassador André Kuipers will watch from the International Space Station as each time zone hits 8:30 p.m. — and track to see who on Earth turns out the lights.
Kuipers will blog from 240 miles above the planet as part of the Earth Hour, an annual event that encourages homes, businesses and governments to turn off their lights for one hour to build awareness about energy use and climate change.
“We are living beyond our means. That is not sustainable,” says Andy Ridley, co-founder and executive director of Earth Hour. “We want to unite people around the world to build a sustainable future.”
The message seems to hit home. Earth Hour 2012 has commitments from individuals, companies and landmarks to switch off lights in 147 countries and territories and over 5,000 cities, organizers say.
Sydney’s Opera House is scheduled to go dark, followed by Asian landmarks such as the Great Wall of China, the Tokyo Tower, Taipei 101 and the India Gate. In Dubai, the world’s tallest building, the Burj Khalifa, will switch off its lights.
Other landmarks pledged to switch off: The Eiffel Tower in Paris, London’s Big Ben, the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro and the Empire State Building in New York.
Kuipers will watch the spectacle from orbit, sharing photos and live commentary on the event from space for the first time.
Taking place on the last Saturday each March, the numbers of people and countries participating has increased each year, Ridley says.
“It became easier than ever to connect people around the world,” says Ridley. But Earth Hour’s long term goal is to go “beyond the hour.” For Ridley, the important question is not if action on climate change is happening, but “is it happening fast enough,” he says.
“We need to move a lot further, faster and as soon as possible. That is the big challenge, that we all move and that the economies can adapt to the change.”
Organized by the World Wildlife Fund, Earth Hour started in Sydney in 2007, when WWF-Australia encouraged 2.2 million individuals and more than 2,000 businessmen to turn off their lights for one hour to support action on climate change.
語句
1パラー３パラ
☆track to see „, track 追跡する 後を追う ここの意味って？
as part of… ..の一環として、..の一部として
encourage 人 to do 人に、、するよう促す 働きかける
build an awareness of… …を認識する
☆live beyond 、、の向こう側にすむ
We are living beyond our means, that is not sustainable. ってどういう意味？
sustainable 持続可能な 地球に優しい
executive director 常任取締役
unite まとめる 団結させる
４パラ
the message seems to hito home. そのメッセージは人の胸をぐさっと刺す、胸にこたえるようだ。
have a commitment from 人 to do 、、人が〜するという確約を持つ
☆Earth Hour 2012 has commitments from individuals, companies and landmarks to switch off lights.とはどういう意味？
landmark 歴史的建造物 史跡 ex. Great wall in China.
go dark = switch off the light = turn off the light= turn out the light
5パラ-8パラ
pledge プリッジと発音 誓約 pledge to do 、、すると誓約する、固く誓う
☆pledgeはswear, promiseとどう違うの？
spectacle 光景 壮観、見物 watch the spectacle その光景を見る
from orbit 軌道から theは入らない
commentary 実況, ☆ commentaryとcommentはどう違うの？
☆taking place on the last Saturday each March 毎年三月の最終土曜日に開催されるにつれ =Asという意味だろう
it became easier than ever かつて無いほど簡単になった
adapt to 、、に適応する adopt 他 、、を採用する 、、を養子にする
要約
1-3
The Earth Hour is the event which encourage people to turn off their lights for an hour to realize energy use and climate change. The executive director of the Earth Hour says that he wants to make the future more sustainable.
2-6
Many people, companies and landmarks decided to participate in the Earth Hour this year.
7-最後
An astronaut Andre Kuipers is going to watch the Earth from orbit at that time and broadcast it for the first time. The Earth hour started in 2007 and since then, the numbers of people who participate in the event have been increasing every year. The director says that its goal is not how many people just become aware of climate change, but how fast they can take action against it.
語句
household 世帯 家庭 所帯
at least 少なくとも at most 多くて 最大限で せいぜい
take root in 場所 、、、に根付く、定着する take firm root in America. アメリカにしっかり根付く
☆ just over= over = more than
☆showing how far the reach of the company has come in the last decade.
= what the company has achieved
At the turn of „, century (,は序数） „世紀の変わり目に
☆ be in rough shape. = be not in good condition. = be struggling 困難に直面しているイメージ
it has narrowly avoided bankruptcy. かろうじて破産を免れた
narrowlyかろうじて 間一髪で = there was very little chance.
almost exclusively ほぼ例外なく exclusively 排他的に 独占的に
☆ as CEO as a CEOは語感が悪いので使わないas CEOかas the CEO
またas president かas the president
turn X around. Xの経営を立て直す
dismal 散々な 悲惨な みるに耐えない dismal consequence 散々な結果
☆ share を語るときは atを使う. 2パラ
☆ beget-begat-begot 、、を生じさせる 引き起こす common wordではないようなので覚えなくても良い
☆gadgetてなに？
☆gobble up = increase
rebound 跳ね返り、 回復
☆ have a deep reach among Aerican consumersって？
achieve deep penetration 深く浸透する
looking at„ „について考えると って感じで使えるんだ！いままでwhen it comes to使ってた。
ownership rate 所有率
☆6パラ skewって？The survey shows Apple buyers tend to skew male, young, with higher education and incomes 。
likelihood of „, „,の可能性„する可能性
As far as I am concerned, 私としては、 少なくとも私には、私に言わせれば
as far as „, is concerned „,としては„に関しては
☆As far as politics is concernedってどういう意味？
poll 他 、、に世論調査をする、聞き取り調査をする
☆ viaとthrough ,byの違いは？
landline phone 固定電話 cellphone 携帯電話
margin of error 誤差範囲
± はplus or minusと言う！！
要約
1-3パラ
A new survey says that just over half of households have at least one Apple product. This shows that Apple has become popular and penetrated in the US.
At the end of the 20th century, although Apple could avoided bankruptcy, the market share of its products was dismal and only at 2 % worldwide. It had nothing but Mac computers as its main product.
In that difficult situation, Steve Jobs came back to Apple as a new CEO, and few years later, Apple launched iPod, followed by iPhone and iPad. all of them have become popular gadgets in the US. Apple has not only gained the larger market share but also created a new markets, like itunes, or iCloud.
4-6パラ
Product categories like refrigerators or smartphones have penetrated throughout American consumers, however, when it comes to single companies, few brands have gained popularity among American consumers, especially in technology companies.
Of households which have Apple product, they have three on average. this means that the ownership rate is 1.6 Apple product per household. Furthermore, 25% of them plan to buy a new Apple product in the next year.
The survey shows a unique result and it says that Apple buyers tends to be male, young, more highly-educated, and earn higher incomes compared to persons who don’t have Apple products.
when it comes to politics, Both Republicans and Democrats seem to like Apple products equally. But greater portion of Democrats plan to purchase more products soon.
CNBC surveyed 836 Americans about Apple products by using landlines or cellphones in March. It has a margin error of puls or minus 3.4%.
http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/29/tech/gaming-gadgets/household-apple-products/index.html?npt=NP1
(Mashable) — Apple has taken firm root in America. Just over half of all households in the country own at least one Apple product, a new survey says, showing just how far the reach of the company has come in the last decade.
At the turn of the 21st century, Apple was in rough shape. It had narrowly avoided bankruptcy, and Steve Jobs’ return as CEO a few years earlier was turning the company around, but the market share of its products — then almost exclusively Mac computers — was dismal, at about 2% worldwide.
Then came the iPod, which begat the iPhone and the iPad. As Apple’s gadgets gobbled up market share (and in some cases created new markets), its Macs experienced a rebound, too. Now, according to CNBC’s All-American Economic Survey, 51% of U.S. households own at least one Apple product.
Few brands have such a deep reach among American consumers. Certainly, product categories such as refrigerators or even smartphones have achieved even deeper penetration, but looking at single companies, it’s a short list with probable names such as GE (light bulbs) or 3M (Scotch tape). Reducing to just technology companies would make it even shorter.
See also: Sorry, Google: Apple is America’s Valentine This Year [study]
Of the households that own Apple products, they own an average of three, making the overall ownership rate of the American public 1.6 Apple products per household. About 25% plan to buy another Apple product in the next year.
The survey shows Apple buyers tend to skew male, young, with higher education and incomes (77% of households making $75,000 or more have an Apple product). If you have kids, the likelihood of being an Apple household grows — 61% compared with 48% if you don’t.
As far as politics is concerned, both Republicans and Democrats appear to like Apple products equally, with 56% of people counting themselves a member of either party owning Apple, although a greater portion of Democrats plan to buy more products soon.
CNBC’s survey polled 836 Americans via both landlines and cellphones over three days in March. The network says it has a margin of error of plus or minus 3.4%.
Do you own Apple products? Why did you pick Apple instead of another brand? Let us know in the comments.
